Global agreements and disputes over emissions, energy policy, and the green transition.
Protecting tropical forests and vital ecosystems has become central to international climate negotiations. As biodiversity declines and deforestation accelerates, global agreements are under pressure to deliver more than promises.
As climate commitments deepen, countries are negotiating carbon border tariffs and aligned emissions trading systems to curb carbon leakage and level the playing field for low-emission industries.
Climate change is amplifying global security risks by accelerating competition over land, water, and other vital resources. As instability grows, so does the militarization of environmental zones, turning ecological breakdown into a driver of conflict.
As climate impacts accelerate, developing nations are demanding accountability from industrialized countries for their historic role in climate change and are calling for meaningful compensation to address the damage.
As nations race to adopt clean technologies, competition over lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other essential materials is escalating. These critical resources have become the new front line in the global energy transition.
As national governments fall behind on climate goals, cities, businesses, and NGOs are stepping up. These non-state actors are helping shape global climate policy and proving that meaningful leadership can come from outside traditional state power.